Ulyanovsk Region
// GENERAL INFORMATION
Most people know Ulyanovsk only as Lenin's birthplace, but this city was once called Simbirsk. Simbirsk was founded in 1648 as a base station on the Simbirsk-Karsun frontier defense line. It became a district center of Kazan Province in 1708, then the capital of the Simbirsk governorship on August 15, 1780, and finally, the capital of Simbirsk Province on December 12, 1796. The city was renamed Ulyanovsk in 1924 and became the capital of Ulyanovsk Region on January 19, 1943. Ulyanovsk is Russia's seventeenth-largest city. It has an area of 263.8 km2 and is made up of 4 urban administrative districts, 7 rural councils, and 22 communities.
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Ulyanovsk Region is a multinational territory, where people of more than 80 nationalities have lived and worked peacefully side by side since the early days. Russians, Tatars, Chuvashes, and Mordvins are the predominant nationalities.
The region is located in the central part of European Russia in the heart of the Middle Volga on both sides of the Volga River. It has an area of 37 300 km2 and is divided into 21 districts, 6 cities, and 32 towns. It is located mainly on the Volga Uplands and has borders with the Republic of Mordovia, the Chuvash Republic, the Republic of Tatarstan, and Penza, Saratov, and Samara regions.
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Ulyanovsk Region is connected to all parts of Russia by air, rail, water, and road transport. There are 729 km of railway lines and 7840 km of roads, but water transport predominates. The river ports of Ulyanovsk and Sengilei, outfitted with new modern equipment, are the region's largest ports. The Volga flows for 200 km through the region, giving access to five seas. International air routes connecting the Volga area with Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and China also pass through the region. There are two large modern airports capable of handling all types of aircraft. Volga-Dnepr operates the world's heaviest airplane, the AN-124 Ruslan, and is the world's largest cargo airline. A modern telecommunications network ensures reliable connections with all countries of the world.
Nature is rich and beautiful, with a variety of landscapes, from fields and mountains, hills and valleys, to mixed forests, rivers, and lakes. The region is famous for the Undory resort, the ancient Beloe Lake, Yulovsky Pond, and the Sura River.
Ulyanovsk has a relatively well-developed raw mineral resource base. Oilfields have been discovered here, and there are large reserves of cement-making materials, building, glassmaking, and foundry sand, clay aggregate, diatomite, brick-making materials, oil shale, and peat. There are also underground reserves of medicinal and mineral waters. The Volzhanka mineral water bottling plant has an output capacity of 24 million bottles per year.
However, the ecological situation is a cause for alarm. The concentration of heavy metal salts in urban soils is 2 to 4 times above the permissible level. Air measurements have shown that pollution exceeds the maximum allowable concentration, and water analysis has shown a failure to meet bacteriological and chemical standards. The demographic situation is much the same as in most Russian regions, with a falling birthrate and increasing death rate.
Industry plays a leading role in the regional economy, with engineering (aircraft manufacturing, instrument making, machine tool manufacture, and car manufacturing) being the core industry. The textile, light, and food industries are also well developed, and companies in the construction, woodworking, and forest industries operate here as well. Altogether, there are 200 large industrial companies employing nearly 174 000 people. A nuclear reactor research institute operates in the region.
Worth noting are the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant (UAZ), one of the country's leading car manufacturers, and Aviastar, the world's largest aircraft manufacturing complex. UAZ specializes in the production of the famous UAZ all-terrain vehicles.
Companies in the region have extensive foreign economic ties and maintain trade relations with 69 countries and 53 Russian regions. Over 50 companies with foreign investment, most of them in Ulyanovsk, currently operate in the region. The region also provides air and road transportation services for foreign partners, as well as international tourist services. Economic and cultural ties are being reestablished with the CIS countries.
HISTORY
In 1648, Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich sent boyar Bogdan Matveevich Khitrovo to the downstream cities with orders to defend the Russian borders against the Nogai Tatars and build new cities and frontier fortresses from the Barysh River to the Volga River. Sinbirsk (later changed to Simbirsk) was one of the cities built at the tsar's command. Like many other Volga cities, it was founded on a steep bluff of the Volga named the Crown (Venets) more than 120 m high.
Russian settlement of the Volga region had begun long ago, but construction of the new cities intensified it by providing an incentive to open up new lands. Chuvashes, Mordvins, Tatars, and other peoples were living in Sinbirsk territory before the Russians came. However, the defeat of the Kazan and Astrankhan Tatar khanates consolidated Russian rule along the entire Volga, and its banks were quickly settled. The settlers' position was neither peaceful nor safe. Bashkirs, Kirghizs, and Nogai and Crimean Tatars made frequent devastating raids, took the residents captive, and plundered their property. During that time, small fortress cities joined by a fortification line were built into order to defend the borders. The line consisted of a ditch and rampart, with high wooden watchtowers located on it between the cities to warn of approaching enemies. These cities and their connecting lines were known as "frontier lines".
The city kept the name Sinbirsk until the end of the 18th century. According to one version, it was named after the Bulgarian prince Sinbir, who founded the town of Sinbirsk on the Volga below present-day Ulyanovsk. The letter "m" in the name appeared later in order to make it sound better in Russian (similar to the way the pronunciation of other words like "simfoniya", "simpatiya", "simbioz", etc. changed in Russian).
In 1670, Stepan (Stenka) Razin's [Razin was the Cossack leader of a peasant revolt] troops besieged Simbirsk but failed to capture it, because the fortress was impregnable.
From 1773 to 1774, Emelyan Pugachev [another Cossack rebel leader] was held in custody in Simbirsk fortress.
In 1708, Simbirsk was added to Kazan Province, then to Astrakhan Province in 1717, and again to Kazan Province in 1728.
In 1780, the city became the capital of the Simbirsk governorship.
In 1796, it became the capital of Simbirsk Province. The first public theater opened in Simbirsk in 1790, and a theater building was constructed in 1840.
In 1860, impresario A.A. Rasskazov formed a theater company in Simbirsk, in which the famous actors V.N. Andreev-Burlak and P.A. Strepetova performed.
In 1898, the city was connected by rail with Inza, and a few years later, with Bugulma.
In the 19th century, Simbirsk became a trading center for grain, fish, cattle, and timber. By the end of the century, the city had 42 factories (the most important being distilleries, a brewery, a candle factory, and flour mills), 733 stores, and 526 small businesses (mainly shoemaking, tailoring, and baking). A trade fair dealing mainly in horses was held annually. There were 29 Orthodox churches, 2 monasteries, Lutheran and Catholic churches, a mosque, and a synagogue. Men's and women's gymnasia, a military school, a seminary, and other educational institutions opened, and many charitable societies and institutions operated in the city. Water pipes and telephone lines were installed.
In 1924, the city was renamed Ulyanovsk. It became part of Middle Volga Region (which later became a territory) in 1928, and then part of Kuibyshev Region in 1936.
During the Second World War (1941-1945), a number of factories were evacuated to Ulyanovsk.
In 1943, Ulyanovsk became the capital of the newly formed Ulyanovsk Region.
Simbirsk was the birthplace of Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov (Lenin), poet NIkolai Yazykov, and writers Dmitry Grigorovich and Ivan Goncharov (Goncharov wrote many chapters of his novel The Precipice in the village of Vinovka, now part of the city; in 1912, a monument in the writer's honor, "Goncharov's Pavilion", was built on a bluff of the Volga River). The writer and historian Nikolai Karamzin was born in Simbirsk Province.
The radial and rectangular system of streets in modern-day Ulyanovsk has preserved the basic elements of the regular city development plan worked out in 1780 and refined in 1843, 1866, and 1867. In the city center, on the site of the former Kremlin on a high bank of the Volga, is a rectangular area (formerly Cathedral Square) that opens onto Novy Venets Boulevard and the far shore of the Volga and is surrounded by buildings in the classicist style, including a former men's gymnasium (1786), the Offices (1708), the Noble Assembly (1838-1847), and the monument to Karamzin (1845). A boarding house for a men's classical gymnasium (1947), a military gymnasium (1847), the Yazykovs' house (early 20th century), and other old buildings are also located in the city center.
In the 20th century, the city was built up according to master plans of 1946 and 1965. New residential districts (including districts on the far side of the Volga and Sviyaga rivers) and parks were created, and public buildings, including a river station (1965) and a railway station (1970), were constructed. The central part of Ulyanovsk was reconstructed between 1960 and 1970. A Lenin memorial area was established, which included elements of old Simbirsk and a Lenin memorial center.
The modern city of Ulyanovsk is located on the Volga Uplands on the banks of the Middle Volga (Kuibyshev Reservoir) and Sviyaga rivers. The finest and most important part of the city is located on the hilly right bank of the Volga at the foot of Simbirsk Hill. The gardens covering the gentle slopes and hills brighten this part of the city in summer and separate it from the main city buildings located on Simbirsk HIll.
RESOURCES
Ulyanovsk Region has an abundance of land, water, forest, and mineral resources. Sixty percent of the region's 3.7 million hectares of available land are designated as agricultural land. About 80% of this land is tilled. The predominant soils are black earths (chernozems), which are very well suited to growing grain, feed, and industrial crops. Therefore, both crop cultivation and livestock farming (oriented towards meat and milk production) are well developed here. The conversion to a market economy has made an economic evaluation of the region's land resources a necessity.
Forests cover 28% (946 200 hectares) of Ulyanovsk Region. Deciduous forests, both hardwood and softwood, predominate (117 500 and 393 900 hectares, respectively); coniferous forests cover another 343 000 hectares. The main deciduous species is oak, which grows on 16% of the forested area. Most of the forests are noncommercial. Companies in the forest, woodworking, and paper industries operate on both local and imported raw materials.
Ulyanovsk Region extends on both sides of the great Volga River, and so there is no shortage of water resources. However, even though 22 subsurface freshwater accumulations with probable reserves of 608 500 m3 per day have been explored, some districts are experiencing a shortage of drinking water. Therefore, construction of group water intakes is planned for the northern part of the region and the area along the Volga. The best known mineral water sources are Undory, Beloe Lake (Beloe Ozero), Bely Yar, and Banket. The Undory and Banket pools are the most promising, although the unique Banket radon mineral water source is not being used at present, since there has been no evaluation of its long-term prospects.
The region's beautiful historic sites, mineral waters, and natural beaches offer good prospects for the development of tourism and health resort vacations. The development of water resources, along with tourism and recreation, are envisioned in the region's Socioeconomic Development Strategy, which has the support of the regional administration.
Eighty-two oil fields have been discovered in Ulyanovsk Region, 24 of which are in operation. Specialists have evaluated total oil reserves at more than 35 million tons. Oil production is increasing year by year.
Ulyanovsk Region also has substantial reserves of other raw materials used in industry, such as various kinds of sand, cement materials, clays, and peat. One of the largest quartz sand deposits in the CIS, the Tashlinskoe deposit, is located in the region. High-quality glassmaking sand from the deposit is delivered to glass factories in various Russian regions. The Pukyanovskoe deposit is a well- known source of foundry sand. Raw cement materials are produced at the Kremenskoe deposit. The region is fully supplied with cement- and glassmaking materials, heat insulation products, filtered powder, chalk, construction lime, reinforced concrete products, lime-sand brick, and natural sorbents and even supplies other regions with these resources. Ulyanovsk Region has enough mineral resources to meet regional demand, and in the case of certain minerals, federal demand; however, marketing research is necessary in order to develop effective import-export relations in the region.
ECONOMY
Ulyanovsk Region is part of the Volga River subdistrict of the Volga economic region. A well-developed transportation system and favorable economic situation have an impact on regional economic development. The region is noted for production of cars, machine tools, automatic circuit reclosers, press-forging machines, electric crane motors, water sprinklers, and other machines. Other developed sectors include the flour-milling, meat, butter-making, starch and molasses, distilling, building material, and woodworking industries.
Small businesses involved in processing semifinished products and secondary raw materials from large industrial enterprises play an important role in supplying goods to the market. More than 1000 small private companies form the basis of the region's small industrial sector.
Oil industry activity is expanding full speed ahead. Increasing oil production and setting up oil refining facilities employing environmentally appropriate technologies are the industry's priority lines of development.
The NAFTA-Ulyanovsk joint venture is carrying out two important investment projects: "Development of eight oil fields in Ulyanovsk Region" and "Construction of the Ulyanovsk Oil Refinery (Ulyanovsky NPZ) with an annual output of 500 000 tons."
The region has a developed financial system consisting of banks and other financial institutions. Leading rating agencies rank Ulyanovsk Region among the 20 Russian regions with the most favorable investment conditions.
Ulyanovsk is the region's main industrial center, where large engineering plants and light industries producing fabrics, knitted goods, and shoes are located. The second-largest industrial center is Melekes, which has a flax mill, mechanical plant, a knitting mill, wood-finishing plants, and flour mills.
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